托福閱讀考試中有一種名為否定事實信息題的題型，這種題型的特點就是會在題干中假如一個EXCEPT或者NOT來讓考生進行選項排除式的解題。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x否定事實信息題難點,希望能夠幫助到大家，一起來學(xué)習(xí)吧。

托福閱讀否定事實信息題難點

托福閱讀否定事實信息題考點：對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察

答題時注意看每個選項，尤其是當(dāng)選項中出現(xiàn)了在該段落中沒有的詞句時，就可以考慮可能會有某個選項跟本段甚至整片文章的主題是相悖的。

請看下面例題：

Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

這道題題干中提到的environmentalist是整個該段的主語，故不能作為關(guān)鍵信息詞。而發(fā)現(xiàn)A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中沒有提到。所以可以考慮某個答案與主題相悖。這類題目，也可以多關(guān)注段落中是否有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加閱讀后，發(fā)現(xiàn)……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 這句話當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)rather than, 鎖定D選項中同樣的話語，剛好與原文觀點相反，所以選擇D.

托福閱讀否定事實信息題考點：對最基本的細節(jié)信息理解的考察

這里可以用更簡單的說法：從詞中選。 所謂從詞中選，就是可以在文章中找到幾個名詞，他們排列存在，共同構(gòu)成某一事件的所有細節(jié)。這時候，出題者會提取出其中三個，并在文章別處或者自編一個跟本事件并無關(guān)系的名詞(詞組)。

請看下面的例子：

In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on APartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.

Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?

A. Rapid population growth

B. Inflation

C. Economic conditions duringwartime

D. Record-high housing prices

在這道排除題中，由于四個選項提供的信息都是用名詞詞組，我們可以斷定，段落中一定存在其中三個詞組，而題干中又出現(xiàn)地名Santa Monica, California. 故可將此地名作為關(guān)鍵詞，鎖定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 這句話當(dāng)中分別提到了A, B, D三個答案，所以答案為C.

托福閱讀否定事實信息題考點：對事件發(fā)展程序理解的考察

這類排除題，也可以叫做------從句中選。即考題所提供的答案均為相對比較完整的句子，那么其中有三句話，一定是表達了整個事件發(fā)展比較關(guān)鍵的幾個步驟，只有一句話與此步驟相悖。這類排除題通常比較耗費時間，考生需要準(zhǔn)確判斷其事件發(fā)展步驟，甚至要通讀全段，才能找出正確選項。這里，我給大家提供一種在很大程度上節(jié)省時間的方法------點對點尋找。

請看下面的例子：

The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.

It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century

B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce

C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices

D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce

對于這道題，題干中沒有任何指示性的詞匯，我們無法判斷是從事件的哪個階段入手，那么就只能每個答案逐一排除。仔細閱讀A選項，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項中有17th century， 故可以將其作為關(guān)鍵線索，去文中尋找，……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的這句話表明A不能作為正確答案。那么繼續(xù)看B， B選項中同時提到Malaysian 與Chinese. 則可以到文中去尋找兩個國籍名詞同時出現(xiàn)的句子，通過判斷，…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 這句話表明，B也不能作為正確答案。繼續(xù)看C，C 選項當(dāng)中有Chinese, 還有seafood andspices，于是鎖定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正確選項。至此，我們可以直接選擇D作為排除選項。

托福閱讀：修辭目的題舉例分析

托福閱讀的十種題型中，修辭目的題，跟其他題型不相比，別具一格。托福閱讀考試中修辭目的題注重考察單詞，短語或是句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用和邏輯。這要求大家在閱讀中，要有意識地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及段落的結(jié)構(gòu)。

此次目的題參考的內(nèi)容基本可以分為三類，其一，作者在句中提到一些單詞或短語或是句子是為了舉例說明之前的相關(guān)信息點，輔助讀者更好地理解原文的信息。其二，作者提供相關(guān)信息目的在于解釋說明某一現(xiàn)象或是事件，本質(zhì)與舉例說明較為類似，也是為了幫助讀者更好地理解信息，其三，作者在提出某些重要的觀點時，為了突出個別的信息點，而引入一些單詞短語或句子，目的是為了強度。基于對修辭目的題作者寫作目的本身的分析和理解，我們可以更好地解決相關(guān)題目。以下以第一種舉例說明的情況為例，重點講解如何解決此類題目。

我們來看一道題，此題出自TPO14--children and advertising中的第10題，題干問why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文中對應(yīng)的句子，Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.讀完句子看到句中的插入短語for example，知道此句式為例子，屬于舉例說明，我們都知道例子是用來證明之前的信息，所以向前反推，看到緊接其前這樣的內(nèi)容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.這兩句第一句解釋了host selling，第二句提到host selling的影響，所以得知緊接其后的句子是為了例證這兩點信息，即host selling的概念以及它產(chǎn)生的影響。得出正確選項To help explain what is meant by the term "host selling" and why it can be misleading to children。

再比如TPO16中trade and the ancient middle east一文中第12題考到In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文句子：as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.讀句子as表示正如…得知此處為舉例說明，例證之前的信息，看到前半句since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power。得知提到Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa目的是為了證明新的國際貿(mào)易路線的發(fā)展可能破壞貨幣基礎(chǔ)并且侵蝕國家權(quán)力。得出答案為To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade。

再如TPO25 The surface of mars一文中的第6題In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文句子It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus has similar surface gravity.通過句中短語It is no accident that得知此處為舉例論證，所以向前看，緊接其前的句子為The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.可知原文想要闡述的信息是地心引力和山脈高度直接的關(guān)系，而且地心引力越低則重量越低，隨之山的高度越高，所以緊接其后比較Maxwell Mons on Venus 和the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth完全是為了論證這個信息，由此容易選得正確選項為To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height。

修辭目的題中，舉例論證是?？键c，常見的表示舉例的提示性的單詞或短語有：for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of…/this is the case…等。如果題干中關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)原文的句子里有相關(guān)的表示例證的單詞，短語出現(xiàn)，則向前看前面的句子，答案也就隨之浮現(xiàn)出來。所以在平時的閱讀練習(xí)中，大家一定要注意句子之間邏輯關(guān)系，句與句之間不是互相獨立的，而是緊密聯(lián)系，互相支撐，構(gòu)建段落，甚至是全文。

托福閱讀：總結(jié)題的方法

解決托福閱讀總結(jié)題的方法：

一、清楚文章的論證類型

總分型一般容易出這類考題。我以中文為例，麗麗老師是一個非常好的人。首先，她很樂于助人例如一次我看見她扶一個盲人過馬路，其次麗麗老師很慷慨，有一次我看見她為希望工程捐了她當(dāng)時兜里的全部錢(50元)，第三麗麗很謙虛和平易近人。

如下面這樣的文章特別容易出總結(jié)題

Lily is a nice person.

1、 麗麗樂于助人

2、 麗麗扶一個盲人過馬路

3、 麗麗老師很慷慨

4、 老余捐了100元

5、 麗麗很謙虛和平易近人

6、 麗麗經(jīng)常打架

正確答案應(yīng)該是：1、3、5

二、解決方法：

一)主體詞排除錯誤選項法

首先抓住要總結(jié)的關(guān)鍵詞也就是主體詞，就是要問哪方向的內(nèi)容，如上個例子，主體題麗麗一定會在正確答案中出現(xiàn)，不然問的是麗麗可以答案談?wù)摰氖莿e人，就變得完全不相關(guān)了，根據(jù)這個特點我們可以排除 4老余捐了100元。

如OG上的一道總結(jié)題可以直接使用主體詞排除錯誤選項的方法

The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.

1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors

2、 Thomas Edison’s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.

3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.

4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.

5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen

6、 once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption

其中只有三個選項有本問題的關(guān)鍵詞，本問題的關(guān)鍵詞是 the technology of cinema.

二)細節(jié)信息排除法

總結(jié)題是對對文章的高度概括所以細節(jié)的出現(xiàn)犯了以偏概全的錯誤，如中文例子中的2、麗麗扶一個盲人過馬路。 這是一個具體的事實細節(jié)，我們要繞過例子看總結(jié)。所以在排除它。

如OG中的一道題目

This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins

Answer choices

1 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(這是本文的主題)

2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(總結(jié)性信息)

3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除

4 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found((絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除

5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found..(主題)

6、Ambulocetus’hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((絕對的事實細節(jié))-排除

三)新信息出現(xiàn)排除

如6：麗麗經(jīng)常打架，原文沒有出現(xiàn)，所以正確答案中一定沒有。

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