4大雅思寫作常見問題
對(duì)癥下藥 這4大雅思寫作常見問題不成問題,今天小編就給大家?guī)砹?大雅思寫作常見問題,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
對(duì)癥下藥 這4大雅思寫作常見問題不成問題
雅思寫作常見問題之寫作任務(wù)完不成
典型癥狀:背誦所謂“模板”、照搬“范文”,造成文不對(duì)題;開頭冗長,言之無物;通篇內(nèi)容空洞,未能按照題目的要求進(jìn)行描述和歸納(小作文)或論述(大作文)。
主要病因:受中文寫作思維慣性的影響,許多考生習(xí)慣把文章的開篇寫得很華麗,但一大段話繞來繞去卻并沒有進(jìn)入主題,又或者是因?yàn)槭艿秸`導(dǎo)而依賴“模板”、“范文”內(nèi)的格式和句型,卻忽略了考試題目中實(shí)際的作文要求而導(dǎo)致說“廢話”。英文采用直線型切題的寫作方式,開門見山很重要,把 重要的觀點(diǎn)放在 前面,然后輔助以數(shù)據(jù)、論據(jù)等,這樣可以確保在有限的篇幅和時(shí)間內(nèi)完成溝通的交流目的??忌茨軠?zhǔn)確領(lǐng)悟題目要求,寫起來不切題,也就無從“完成寫作任務(wù)”。
小作文要求:“考生能否有效地找到信息中關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容并對(duì)之進(jìn)行描述和寫作”,考的是描述能力。在短短的150字左右的篇幅內(nèi),把圖表內(nèi)的每個(gè)信息都進(jìn)行描述不可能,關(guān)鍵的是要把這些信息分組,然后挑出 重要的信息(比如 高的、 低的等)突出表述,歸納總結(jié)、簡述趨勢(shì)。
大作文方面:資料說考察“論點(diǎn)是否切中題目的要求、論證過程是否完整、論點(diǎn)是否得到了論據(jù)的支持;考生的觀點(diǎn)是否清晰和有效”,考的是論述能力。其實(shí),任何考試作文題考的都是寫作能力,而不是考你的觀點(diǎn)有多么正確。此外,要把觀點(diǎn)表述得“清晰有效”也很考功夫。英文寫作中注重言簡意賅,特別是在篇幅有限的考試寫作的環(huán)境下,更需要考生將自己的觀點(diǎn)提綱挈領(lǐng)地表述出來,并通過使用主題句(每段的開頭或結(jié)尾)或者是標(biāo)志性詞匯(如“the first/second/…/last reason is”等)清晰明了地指示出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
對(duì)癥下藥:平時(shí)多進(jìn)行英文閱讀,重點(diǎn)可以看看兩類文章,一是經(jīng)濟(jì)類的,看看人家是如何把數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分組、對(duì)比、歸納的;二是觀點(diǎn)性的,學(xué)習(xí)人家如何呈現(xiàn)和分析觀點(diǎn)。 關(guān)鍵的是不要光看就算,要做有心人,把文章中實(shí)用性的句、詞匯、表達(dá)方法摘抄下來,這樣才能日后為我所用。
雅思寫作常見問題之缺乏連貫性 邏輯混亂
典型癥狀:句子之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián);分段能力欠缺,不能把一個(gè)主題或觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容集中在一個(gè)段落;很少使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞、標(biāo)志性詞匯,組織比較松散。
主要病因:在考試時(shí)間的壓力下,考生匆忙下筆,想到哪兒寫到哪兒,導(dǎo)致整個(gè)文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散。
對(duì)癥下藥:在學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境下使用的文體上都還是講究一定的格式和規(guī)范的,雅思的兩個(gè)寫作題也是如此。注重理清寫作的思路要從平時(shí)練起,建議考生在平時(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候不要光注重寫,也要注重分析自己的文章——回過頭來看看有沒有哪些句子可以重組、哪些地方需要加上關(guān)聯(lián)詞/標(biāo)志性詞語來加強(qiáng)連貫性。
在考試的時(shí)候,考生下筆之前應(yīng)該先計(jì)劃一下寫作思路,花點(diǎn)時(shí)間把文章的架構(gòu)搭好:如有很多信息點(diǎn)(小作文)或觀點(diǎn)(大作文),一定要好好歸納一下,形成 重要的三四個(gè),然后安排次序——先寫(論)什么、再寫(論)什么……依此類推,這樣下筆不至于雜亂無章。
雅思寫作常見問題之詞匯貧乏使用不當(dāng)
我們習(xí)慣了做對(duì)的事情,盡力避免出錯(cuò),但遺憾的是我們最終長成了不知道如何去錯(cuò)的大人。
如果食物要靠試錯(cuò)才能驚艷到味覺,那沒有辦法去錯(cuò)的我們也許只能一直無功無過地活著。
典型癥狀:詞匯貧乏,重復(fù)使用;刻意使用生僻詞匯;對(duì)同義詞、近義詞的詞義掌握不到家,導(dǎo)致用詞不當(dāng);詞組搭配錯(cuò)誤。
主要病因:眼下中國考生在詞匯方面確實(shí)在走兩個(gè)極端,要不就是詞匯匱乏,翻來覆去都是使用同樣的詞匯,缺乏同義替換的能力,要不就是詞匯量比較大,有意識(shí)地在文章中堆砌一些難詞、生詞,但實(shí)際上是用詞不當(dāng)。
考生容易忽視詞組搭配。很多時(shí)候考生知道要用什么詞,但在組成詞組時(shí)卻一知半解, 終還是出錯(cuò)。比如都知道一日三餐怎么說,但與之搭配的動(dòng)詞究竟是什么卻常被忽略。
對(duì)癥下藥:詞匯貴精不貴多。平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的時(shí)候,考生可以考慮分寫作話題積累相關(guān)詞匯和句型,力求做到用詞準(zhǔn)確,避免重復(fù)。
在學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的過程中,記住詞義只是步。要把一個(gè)詞的用法學(xué)到位,必須與字典為友,仔細(xì)察看英文意義,了解字的本義、引申義,掌握動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等詞形變化,摘抄下與之搭配的詞組,尊重英文思維產(chǎn)生的約定俗成的用法, 后自己再造一個(gè)句子進(jìn)行練習(xí),這樣才能在用的時(shí)候避免出錯(cuò)。
雅思寫作常見問題之準(zhǔn)確度欠缺
典型癥狀:過于依賴作文模板,句法結(jié)構(gòu)千篇一律;一味使用復(fù)雜的英文語法,為了追求長句子而不切實(shí)際地使用從句,卻導(dǎo)致主語與動(dòng)詞之間的不一致;不會(huì)正確使用英文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
主要病因:雅思對(duì)作文中的語法要求是:“考生使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)多樣、準(zhǔn)確”,也要體現(xiàn)“多樣”與“準(zhǔn)確”之間的平衡關(guān)系。
中國考生常見的語法錯(cuò)誤,從大的方面說包括時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤、主謂不一致、謂語缺失、從句使用錯(cuò)誤,從細(xì)節(jié)方面還有介詞搭配不當(dāng)、沒有使用或錯(cuò)誤使用冠詞、不會(huì)使用英文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等。
對(duì)癥下藥:要擺脫中國式的語法結(jié)構(gòu),考生在平時(shí)寫作中多練習(xí)使用從句和非謂語動(dòng)詞,注意句式的變化,積累各種句型和短語。在閱讀文章時(shí)如果發(fā)現(xiàn)好的句式,也不妨摘抄下來自己分析一下。提高語法的準(zhǔn)確性,不要光看大的方面,也要注重細(xì)節(jié),可以和同學(xué)交換寫作練習(xí),互相批改涉及語法的句子,這是提高語法的一個(gè)好方法。
在考試的過程中一定要留出時(shí)間檢查語法,針對(duì)上文談到的常見語法錯(cuò)誤,認(rèn)真細(xì)心地過一遍,提高語法使用的準(zhǔn)確性。
雅思寫作高級(jí)表達(dá) 從定語從句正確使用開始
雅思寫作定語從句之用法不當(dāng)
很多中國考生認(rèn)為因?yàn)閣hich使用次數(shù)更少,所以在定語從句中which會(huì)比that使用分?jǐn)?shù)更高,這其實(shí)是一個(gè)誤區(qū),因?yàn)閣hich不能取代that在所有的定語從句中的使用。
A. 可共用的地方——指代一般物
例如:
The amount of the rubbish that we produce is increasing at an alarming rate.
在這句話中,that就可以用which取代,而且建議考生當(dāng)that和which在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語的情況下能省略就省略。
再如:
The problem that has been under debate for several decades is that the basic facilities and infrastructure are unlikely to satisfy the needs of more tourists.
B. 不能共用的地方——只能用which,不能用that
例如:
Students living in their own homes would live a more comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which has a beneficial impact on the development of their personal character.
再如:
Television, the most pervasive means of entertainment for the average public, is advancing towards an entirely new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which is likely to reshape the world.
在這兩句話中,which都是不可以用that取代的,因?yàn)閣hich在文章中指代的是前面的整句話,所以which后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用的也是單三形式。當(dāng)which在從句里面用來表示前面整句話造成的影響時(shí),which前面要用逗號(hào),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
C. 只能使用that,不能使用which的地方
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which。
Many people hold the view that they can do nothing to protect the fragile environment, andeverything that does have good impacts on the environment can only be implemented with the political will.
There would be few that could pursue a career without future.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which。
There are a great number of ignorant people and large companies that sacrifice the environment to get the maximum profits.
The most important thing is concerned with the reaction of workers and factories that do not agree with this new scheme.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,而不用which。
Many people have extraordinary willingness to bombard their brains with new experiences, while others avoid the latest things that they think would make them have the feeling of fear.
4. 當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which。
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
The first impression that you leave to the interviewer is the most important thing that determines whether you are admitted by the company.
5. 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which。
Travelling exposes the students to a variety of cultures and natural beauty by themselves, the very experience that school education cannot provide to them.
This is the very hotel that we lived last year.
6. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which。
Much of the blame that needs to be taken should be placed on tourists themselves, who foolishly clambered all over the revered Buddha statues.
Every child that has auditory deficit would have difficulty in learning to reach the maximum potential.
7. 當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時(shí),定語從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
Many people wonder which of the problems that they are facing is the most pressing one and should be researched and solved immediately.
8. 指代人時(shí),只可以使用that以及who,而不可以使用which。
In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only thosethat are adequately prepared and highly qualified can make full use of them.
that不可以用which取代,因?yàn)閠hat前面的先行詞是人,所以只能用that或者who來引導(dǎo)。
9. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It is ... that ...”中,只用that,不用which。
It is the lack of financial incentive that is responsible for the shortage of talents in the athletic field.
It is talent that determines whether a person can succeed in any field, particularly in theartistic and mathematic field.
雅思寫作定語從句之高級(jí)表達(dá)用法
定語從句高分的用法——將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語動(dòng)詞,修飾前面的先行詞
例如:Those people who strongly support capital punishment have the following reasons.
改成:Those people strongly supporting capital punishment have the following reasons.
再如:Those students who study in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident,independent and well-informed.
改成:Those students studying in a foreign country seem to be more self-confident, independent and well-informed.
將從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞who去掉,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞變成了ing形式
例如:The buildings that were knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
改成The buildings knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.
Foods that are exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
改成Foods exported from a foreign market are more expensive than the local products of the same kind.
從句中的that照樣去掉,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞由被動(dòng)語態(tài)變成了過去分詞。
例如:The forest and bush that have been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
改成The forest and bush having been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.
從句中的that去掉,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的have變成having,這與主被動(dòng)沒有關(guān)系。
3大雅思寫作用詞誤區(qū) 小詞匯有大能量
雅思寫作用詞誤區(qū)之濫用大詞,忽視語言準(zhǔn)確度
由于雅思寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)涉及高級(jí)詞匯的運(yùn)用及詞匯使用的廣度,有些考生就認(rèn)為雅思寫作中必須出現(xiàn)長詞,難詞,生僻詞,否則不足以顯示語言能力之強(qiáng)。
但是他們卻忘記了,詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性更是考核的基礎(chǔ),用錯(cuò)了語境,這樣的大詞不止不是點(diǎn)睛,反而是敗筆了。
比如想表達(dá)“廣告造成盲目消費(fèi),影響很大”,有的考生選擇用gigantic來形容嚴(yán)重性,然而,用來形容廣告的負(fù)面影響這個(gè)詞未免過于嚴(yán)重了。
下面再列舉幾個(gè)寫作中的句子,童鞋們猜一下哪些詞出現(xiàn)了使用不當(dāng)?shù)那闆r,以及怎樣替換才能更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)呢?
1) Some children are so selfish that they always engage in some malicious behaviors, like littering.
2) It is universally acknowledged that mobile phones are widely used in our daily life.
3) Children always obtain money from their parents.
例句1中,malicious一般用來形容本質(zhì)出于惡意的行為,形容亂丟垃圾顯然過大了,建議改為improper。
例句2中,universally acknowledged換為generally believed即可,不要因?yàn)榭戳税谅c偏見就喜歡用那么復(fù)雜的英語。
例句3中,obtain換為get即可,不恰當(dāng)?shù)拇笤~起到的只能是反效果。
童鞋們背單詞的時(shí)候一定不能僅僅背其中文含義,還需要明確詞匯的搭配和使用語境,用法得當(dāng)才能錦上添花。
雅思寫作用詞誤區(qū)之詞性使用不當(dāng)
很多考生背單詞,由于只背意思和拼寫而不注意詞性,導(dǎo)致用詞錯(cuò)誤,而詞性錯(cuò)誤直接導(dǎo)致語法錯(cuò)誤,連帶下一項(xiàng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一起受影響,從而失分降檔。
比如最常見的,表達(dá)“影響”的詞“affect, effect”。許多考生搞不清楚前者為動(dòng)詞后者為名詞,各種用錯(cuò);再如表示“缺乏”的詞組:lack of,考生想當(dāng)然在前面加be動(dòng)詞,殊不知,lack當(dāng)動(dòng)詞,名詞都可以,唯獨(dú)沒有形容詞的用法。
類似的還有表達(dá)“替代”的幾個(gè)詞:replace,instead和substitute。有些考生誤以為三者都是動(dòng)詞,其實(shí),instead 為副詞,substitute既是及物動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞,又是名詞。
同樣再舉幾個(gè)例子讓大家感受下,你能否找出其中使用不當(dāng)?shù)脑~呢?
1) When the amount of supply beyond the market demand, the price will go down.
2) When one studies at home lonely, he or she will be less motivated.
3) With the number of cars increases sharply, traffic congestion has become more serious in urban areas.
上面三句分別出現(xiàn)了不當(dāng)詞性問題,需要做如下更改:
beyond改為exceeds
lonely改為alone
increases改為increasing
你答對(duì)了嗎?
雅思寫作用詞誤區(qū)之詞匯使用單一,缺乏多樣性
除了用詞準(zhǔn)確,想要取得理想的分?jǐn)?shù),我們還需要注意詞匯多樣性,即替換詞匯的使用。如果反復(fù)重現(xiàn)同一個(gè)詞,考官會(huì)認(rèn)為該考生的詞匯量很有限,比如小作文中常用的“上升”,如果考生多次用increase, 卻沒有替換,比如:“rise, grow, climb, rocket, soar, jump”等,整體語言就會(huì)顯得單一。
因此,考生備考中還需要通過各種手段來避免重復(fù)和展現(xiàn)多樣性,而所謂各種手段,常用的就是:同義詞,反義詞,詞性轉(zhuǎn)變,指代和派生等。
一篇7.5分的范文是這樣論述的:
主題:表達(dá)應(yīng)該對(duì)各種類型的犯罪采取固定處罰
On the one hand, fixed punishments will have a deterring effect on society. Individuals knowing that they will be subject to a certain punishment if they are convicted with a given crime, will reconsider committing thisact in the first place. This deterring effect also leads to social stability and security, through minimizing the number of crime committed. If people knewthey would be able to convince the court or the jury of a reason for having committed the crime they are accused of, penal decisions would be largely arbitrary. This would result into criminals getting away with their crimes and into a high level of injustice caused by the subjective approach of different courts.
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