為什么“師范大學”譯成normal，清華大學是Tsinghua?今天小編給大家?guī)砹烁咝Ｓ⑽淖g名 ，希望可以幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

為什么“師范大學”譯成normal，清華大學是Tsinghua?高校英文譯名套路真多!

How to translate these Chinese universities' name into English

為什么“師范大學”譯成normal，清華大學是Tsinghua?高校英文譯名套路真多!

How to translate these Chinese universities' name into EnglishChina Daily 2020-07-11 09:00

為什么北京師范大學是Beijing Normal University?清華和北大為啥是Tsinghua University和Peking University?上海交通大學為什么直接音譯為Shanghai Jiao Tong University?

高校英文譯名套路多，雙語君(微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile)和大家一起盤點中國大學英文譯名有幾款。

1以地名命名

以地名命名的綜合性大學最為常見，這類大學的英譯通常沒有爭議，采用中規(guī)中矩的中文拼音作為英文譯名。

南京大學

Nanjing University (NJU)

浙江大學

Zhejiang University (ZJU)

2以專業(yè)特色命名

外語類大學、工業(yè)大學、財經(jīng)大學等以專業(yè)特色命名的大學在翻譯校名時往往會加入相應專業(yè)特色。

比如：

外國語大學通常采用foreign studies或international studies的譯法;

“工業(yè)”的譯法處理為technology或polytechnical;

“財經(jīng)”則直譯為finance and economics。

上海外國語大學

Shanghai International Studies University (SISU)

北京外國語大學

Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU)

北京工業(yè)大學

Beijing University of Technology (BJUT)

西北工業(yè)大學

Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)

上海財經(jīng)大學

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (SUFE)

3師范大學為什么譯作normal university

我國師范類高等院校的英文校名基本譯為normal university / college。

為什么師范翻譯成normal?

其實，normal一詞并非直接來源于英語，而是來源于法語。

世界上第一所師范大學就是著名的“巴黎高等師范學院”。法文名即Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris，簡稱“巴黎高師”。

在法語中，“école normale”是一種模范學校，開設規(guī)范化課程，教授未來有志做老師的學生標準的教學方法。

而normale在法語中，除了表示“正常的”，還有“師范的;規(guī)范的，標準的”意思。

1872年，日本仿照巴黎高師建立了亞洲第一所師范學?！獤|京高等師范學校(筑波大學的前身)，并把“normal school”翻譯為“師范學?！保髞肀銈魅肓饲迥┑闹袊?。

所以，中國的師范大學也通常翻譯為“normal university”。

北京師范大學

Beijing Normal University (BNU)

華東師范大學

East China Normal University (ECNU)

不過，許多英語母語人士并不理解normal university是什么大學，也很難將其與“教師培訓學校”聯(lián)系起來。

國外的師范學校通常采用teachers' college。

比如：

London Teacher Training College(倫敦師范學院)

Teachers College, Columbia University(哥倫比亞大學師范學院)

4這些大學校名里的“民族、交通、人民”為什么音譯

你有沒有考慮過這些大學校名里的“民族”為什么不翻譯成ethnic groups?“交通”為什么不翻譯成transportation?“人民”為什么不翻譯成people嗎?

中央民族大學

Minzu University of China (MUC)

2008年前，中央民族大學的校名英譯版本為Central University For Nationalities。

但采用nationalities一詞問題頗多：

? Nationality概念含混。牛津高階英漢雙解詞典對“nationality”的解釋是：(構成國家一部分的)民族群體，而中國的民族大學包含的是漢族在內(nèi)的全體中華民族的大學。

? Nationality最主要的意思是國籍，其意思解釋順序是：國籍、國家、民族、部落?！懊褡濉钡囊馑寂泡^后，會讓英語母語人士產(chǎn)生“國籍大學”或“部落大學”等誤解。

上海交通大學

Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)

上海交通大學原校長張杰在2012級新生開學典禮上曾對校名作出解釋：

中國最古老的哲學著作《易經(jīng)·泰卦》中有一句話：“天地交而萬物通，上下交而其志同”，闡釋出一種宇宙觀和價值觀，這是對宇宙萬物和諧共生的哲學認知，是對自然規(guī)律的獨特感悟。

這個解釋雖然極富哲理，但這并不是交大校名的真實出處。

交通大學是1921年由中華民國北洋政府交通部所屬散居三地的大學合并而成的，譯為Chiao Tung University。

為什么交通沒有翻譯為transportation呢?一種說法是中華民國交通部涵蓋運輸、通信、氣象、觀光四大領域，因此，“交通”二字的含義并非transportation可簡單涵蓋。

中國人民大學

Renmin University of China (RUC)

雖然多數(shù)情況下“人民”會翻譯成people，例如：

中華人民共和國

People's Republic of China

全國人民代表大會

National People's Congress

中國人民銀行

People's Bank of China

但中國人民大學的英文譯名卻并未采用People’s univeristy這一譯法，而直接采取音譯Renmin，原因有二：

? 國外也有people's univeristy的概念，但這類大學類似于國內(nèi)的“成人函授學?！?、“社區(qū)大學”，與人大作為名校的實際地位不符;

? 由于people一詞存在的政治色彩，中外對該詞的理解有一定文化差異，會造成英語母語人士的誤解。

5清華大學為什么叫Tsinghua University

清華北大的英文名，要從威妥瑪拼音法和郵政式拼音講起。

威妥瑪式拼音法(Wade-Giles romanization)是英國人威妥瑪(Thomas Francis Wade)于1867年開始與人合編的一套注音規(guī)則，又稱“威氏拼音”或“韋式拼音”。

后又發(fā)展出以威妥瑪拼音為基礎、依地區(qū)方言及古代發(fā)音修改而成的郵政式拼音(Chinese postal romanization)拼寫地名。

例如：蘇州(Soochow)、廈門(Amoy)、廣州(Canton)。

這套注音系統(tǒng)影響了從清末到新中國建立之初的100多年。雖然現(xiàn)在“郵政式拼音”早已被廢止，但一些說法仍然保留了下來。

例如：功夫(Kungfu)、太極(Taichi)、臺北(Taipei)。

北京、清華在威妥瑪拼音里其實是Pei-ching，Ch'ing hua，但在郵政式拼音里，北京是Peking，清華拼寫為Tsinghua。

清華大學

Tsinghua University (THU)

北京大學

Peking University (PKU)

晚清后期孫中山先生前往香港求學，最初使用的是“孫日新”這個名字，后來他的香港國文老師為其改為“孫逸仙”，并按照粵語譯音為Sun Yat-Sen，空耳聽起來神似“雙鴨山”。

中山大學

Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU)

2017年，一張微博截圖刷屏高校朋友圈，一書作者將Sun Yat-sen University (中山大學)譯為“雙鴨山大學”。雖然只是作者調(diào)侃玩梗，但卻引起了許多網(wǎng)友的注意，甚至中大官微也發(fā)博回應“雙鴨山大學”一梗。

河海大學因為其成立年代時我國仍沿用威氏音標方案，校名采用威妥瑪拼音，“河海”一詞譯為“Hohai”。

河海大學

Hohai University (HHU)

你的大學英文譯名是什么?快來評論區(qū)和雙語君(微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile)分享吧!

哈佛大學和麻省理工學院起訴美國政府 反對留學生簽證新規(guī)

Harvard and MIT sue Trump administration over online-only instruction for foreign students in the US

美國哈佛大學和麻省理工學院7月8日提起聯(lián)邦訴訟，以阻止美國政府實施針對留學生的簽證新規(guī)。為施壓美國大學重啟校園，美國國土安全部下屬移民和海關執(zhí)法局7月6日發(fā)布通告說，2020年秋季學期的留學生如果僅上網(wǎng)課，將無法取得赴美簽證或維持當前簽證。

Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Wednesday sued the Trump administration over its guidance not allowing foreign students to take online-only courses in the US this fall semester.

哈佛大學和麻省理工學院本周三(7月8日)對美國政府提起訴訟。之前，美國政府宣布禁止在今年秋季學期僅參加在線課程的國際學生留在美國。

Harvard announced earlier this week that all course instruction will be delivered online, including for students living on campus. In a statement provided to CNN, the university said the guidance stands to affect approximately 5,000 international students.

哈佛大學本周早些時候宣布，所有課程都將在網(wǎng)上授課，包括對住校學生的授課。哈佛大學在提供給美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)的一份聲明中表示，美國政府的這一政策將影響該校大約5000名國際學生。

"The order came down without notice—its cruelty surpassed only by its recklessness. It appears that it was designed purposefully to place pressure on colleges and universities to open their on-campus classrooms for in-person instruction this fall, without regard to concerns for the health and safety of students, instructors, and others," Harvard University President Larry Bacow said.

哈佛大學校長拉里·巴考說：“這一政策事先沒有任何通知，不僅殘酷更是魯莽。這似乎是有意給高校施加壓力，要求他們在今年秋天開放校園課堂，進行線下授課，而不考慮學生、教師和其他人的健康和安全問題?！?/p>

Visa requirements for students have always been strict and coming to the US to take online-only courses has been prohibited. Immigration and Customs Enforcement maintained that prohibition in its guidance, while providing some flexibility for hybrid models, meaning a mix of online and in-person classes.

美國對學生簽證的要求一直很嚴格，來美國上在線課程已經(jīng)被禁止。移民和海關執(zhí)法局在其規(guī)定中堅持這一禁令，但同時為混合教學模式提供了一些靈活性，即在線和線下授課的混合模式。

The agency suggested that students currently enrolled in the US consider other measures, like transferring to schools with in-person instruction.

移民和海關執(zhí)法局建議目前在美國就讀的國際學生考慮其他辦法，比如轉(zhuǎn)學到有線下授課的學校。

Students enrolled in a school "operating entirely online" must either leave the country or transfer to a school that is offering in-person classes, ICE said.

移民和海關執(zhí)法局表示，如果就讀的學校“只開設在線課程”，學生必須離開美國，或轉(zhuǎn)學到開設線下課程的學校。

"If not, they may face immigration consequences including, but not limited to, the initiation of removal proceedings," a news release said.

該機構發(fā)表的新聞稿中稱：“如果違反規(guī)定，他們可能面臨相應的后果，包括但不限于被驅(qū)逐出境。”

Students and pedestrians walk through the Yard at Harvard University, after the school said it would move to virtual instruction for graduate and undergraduate classes, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, March 10, 2020. [Photo/Agencies]The ICE announcement said that students enrolled in schools that offer a combination of in-person and online classes will be permitted to continue as long as the school certifies that the program is not all online, that the student is not exclusively taking online classes, and that "the student is taking the minimum number of online classes required to make normal progress in their degree program."

移民和海關執(zhí)法局的聲明稱，只要高校提供線上和線下混合教學，證明課程不全是在線的，學生并不是只就讀在線課程，并且“為了在學位課程中取得正常進展，學生在修讀最低數(shù)量的在線課程”，學生就可以繼續(xù)留在美國。

In an FAQ published by the agency, the Department of Homeland Security reasoned that "all students scheduled to study at a US institution in the fall will be able to do so, though some will be required to study from abroad if their presence is not required for any in-person classes in the United States."

在該機構發(fā)表的問答中，美國國土安全部認為“所有打算今年秋季在美國高校留學的學生都將能夠這樣做，雖然有些不必來校園上課的學生將被要求在國外在線學習。”

The lawsuit, filed in the US District Court for the District of Massachusetts, seeks to block the directive, arguing it violates the Administrative Procedures Act. The universities argue that ICE's decision not to provide an exemption for online-only courses puts them in an "untenable situation" of either proceeding with their plans to operate fully or largely online or attempt to provide in-person learning.

該訴訟已經(jīng)提交給美國馬薩諸塞州地區(qū)法院，試圖阻止這一政策，稱其違反了《行政程序法》。兩所大學認為，移民和海關執(zhí)法局決定不為純在線課程提供豁免，使其處于“站不住腳的境地”，要么繼續(xù)他們的計劃，全部或大部分教學都在線上進行，要么嘗試提供線下授課。

The lawsuit also underscores the challenge posed to students: "Just weeks from the start of the fall semester, these students are largely unable to transfer to universities providing on-campus instruction, notwithstanding ICE's suggestion that they might do so to avoid removal from the country."

這起訴訟也突顯了學生面臨的挑戰(zhàn)：“距離秋季學期開學僅有幾周時間，這些學生大多無法轉(zhuǎn)學到提供線下授課的大學，盡管移民和海關執(zhí)法局建議他們可以這樣做，以避免被驅(qū)逐出境?！?/p>

It continues: "Moreover, for many students, returning to their home countries to participate in online instruction is impossible, impracticable, prohibitively expensive, and/or dangerous."

訴訟中繼續(xù)寫道：“此外，對許多學生來說，回到自己的國家參加在線教學是不可能的，不可行的，成本高得令人望而卻步，或者很危險?！?/p>

Harvard and MIT's lawsuit also received support from Cornell. The university said its international students will largely not be affected due to hybrid teaching, but expressed strong opposition.

哈佛大學和麻省理工學院的訴訟也得到了康奈爾大學的支持?？的螤柎髮W表示，由于實施混合教學模式，該校的國際學生在很大程度上不會受到這一政策的影響，但仍對此表示強烈反對。

"This was wholly unexpected, and it is a senseless and unfair policy that runs counter to all that we stand for as a global academic community," said Martha E. Pollack, president of Cornell University. There are more than 1 million international students in the US.

康奈爾大學校長瑪莎·E.波拉克說：“這完全出乎意料，這是一項毫無意義、不公平的政策，與我們作為國際化的學術界所主張的一切背道而馳。”美國國際學生人數(shù)超過100萬。

群體免疫真的靠譜嗎?西班牙新研究提出質(zhì)疑

Herd immunity strategies called into question after coronavirus antibody study in Spain

Covid-19 antibodies in Spain’s population “are insufficient to provide herd immunity,” a new study has claimed, despite the country being one of the worst-affected by the pandemic.

盡管西班牙是受疫情沖擊最嚴重的國家之一，但一項新研究稱，西班牙人口的新冠病毒抗體“不足以產(chǎn)生群體免疫”。

In a peer-reviewed paper published in the Lancet medical journal Monday, researchers from Harvard, MIT and several Spanish institutions analyzed findings from a widescale study on antibody prevalence in Spain.

本周一(7月6日)發(fā)表在醫(yī)學期刊《柳葉刀》上的同行評審論文中，來自哈佛大學、麻省理工學院和幾個西班牙研究所的研究人員分析了對西班牙抗體普及率進行的一項大規(guī)模研究得出的結果。

More than 251,700 cases of coronavirus have been confirmed in Spain, while the virus has killed 28,388 people in the country to date, according to data compiled by Johns Hopkins University. With 607 deaths per million people, Spain has the third-highest number of deaths relative to population in the world, according to Our World in Data.

根據(jù)約翰斯·霍普金斯大學編纂的數(shù)據(jù)，西班牙確診的新冠肺炎病例逾251700例，迄今為止新冠病毒已導致該國28388人喪生。用數(shù)據(jù)看世界網(wǎng)站的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，西班牙每100萬人中就有607人死于新冠肺炎，死亡率排全球第三。

Households all over Spain were invited at random by the research team to take part in the study, which aimed to determine the proportion of the population that had developed antibodies for the coronavirus.

研究團隊隨機邀請西班牙各地的家庭參與這項研究，該研究旨在確定產(chǎn)生新冠病毒抗體的人占西班牙人口的比例。

A total of 61,075 people agreed to participate in the study, which was carried out between April 27 and May 11. Participants answered a questionnaire on coronavirus symptoms, were given a point-of-care finger prick test, and had the option to donate blood for further laboratory testing (which 51,958 of the people in the study did).

總共有61075人同意參與這項研究，研究于4月27日到5月11日期間進行。參與者要填寫一份關于新冠肺炎癥狀的問卷，接受即時手指點刺檢測，并可選擇是否捐血進行進一步的實驗室測試(51958名研究參與者捐了血)。

point-of-care: 即時的

A woman adjusts her face mask as she walks out of a store advertising going-out-of-business sales, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in Madrid, Spain, July 8, 2020. REUTERS/Susana Vera

Just 5% of participants presented with antibodies from point-of-care tests, while antibodies were detected in 4.6% of the blood samples.

手指點刺檢測中只有5%的參與者發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗體，提交的血液樣本中有4.6%檢測出了抗體。

According to the findings, there was “substantial geographical variability,” with antibodies found in 10% of samples from Madrid but just 3% of those taken from coastal areas.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，抗體分布存在著“極大的地理變化性”，馬德里有10%的樣本發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗體，而沿海地區(qū)只有3%的樣本發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗體。

Around a third of those who tested positive for Covid-19 antibodies had been asymptomatic while infected with the virus, the study found.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，約有三分之一新冠病毒抗體檢測呈陽性的人在感染病毒時無癥狀。

Among those who reported having been unwell with symptoms of Covid-19 prior to the study, 16.9% tested positive for antibodies. Meanwhile, 90% of those who had tested positive for the coronavirus more than 14 days before taking part in the study had antibodies detected in their lab-tested blood samples.

那些報告稱在研究前因新冠肺炎癥狀而感到不適的人有16.9%檢測出了抗體。與此同時，在參與研究至少14天前新冠病毒檢測呈陽性的人有90%在送交實驗室檢測的血液樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗體。

"Despite the high impact of Covid-19 in Spain, prevalence estimates remain low and are clearly insufficient to provide herd immunity,” the report’s authors said. “This cannot be achieved without accepting the collateral damage of many deaths in the susceptible population and overburdening of health systems. In this situation, social distance measures and efforts to identify and isolate new cases and their contacts are imperative for future epidemic control.”

該報告的作者稱：“盡管新冠病毒對西班牙造成了很大沖擊，但是抗體的普及率依然偏低，顯然不足以產(chǎn)生群體免疫。要達成群體免疫，就不得不接受易感人群大量死亡和讓醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)超負荷的附帶損害。在這種情況下，未來的疫情防控中必須實行社交隔離措施，努力發(fā)現(xiàn)和隔離新病例及其密切接觸者?！?/p>

A man wearing a protective feace mask stands during the lockdown amid the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Burela, Spain July 6, 2020. REUTERS/Miguel Vidal

Herd immunity is achieved when immunity is built among the general population through some exposure to a virus or infection. The strategy has been cited by health officials in Sweden, which controversially did not impose a lockdown.

群體免疫的理念是，某種程度的接觸或感染病毒，從而讓整個群體產(chǎn)生抗體。瑞典衛(wèi)生官員曾引用了這一策略，該國沒有實施封鎖的決定備受爭議。

However, many experts are skeptical about the effectiveness of such an approach, warning that immunity to the coronavirus is not guaranteed after infection or may only last a short while.

然而，許多專家都對這種方式的有效性感到懷疑，并警告稱，感染新冠病毒后不一定會產(chǎn)生免疫力，或者免疫力可能只能延續(xù)一小段時間。

Speaking on CNBC’s “Squawk Box Europe” on Monday, Danny Altmann, professor of immunology at Imperial College London, said it was not a “safe bet” to rely on immunity to Covid-19 as a strategy for coping with the pandemic, adding that herd immunity strategies were “probably never going to work.”

帝國理工學院免疫學教授丹尼·阿爾特曼周一在CNBC電視臺的《歐洲之聲》節(jié)目上說，依靠新冠病毒免疫力作為應對疫情的策略“有風險”，并補充道，群體免疫策略“很可能永遠不會奏效”。

Depending on how contagious an infection is, between 50% and 90% of a population must be immune to achieve herd immunity, according to experts at Johns Hopkins University, who estimate that at least 70% of the population would need to be immune to Covid-19 for herd immunity to be realized.

約翰斯·霍普金斯大學的專家稱，要達到群體免疫，50%到90%的人口都必須產(chǎn)生免疫力，比例大小取決于病毒的傳染性有多強。專家估計，要實現(xiàn)對新冠病毒的群體免疫，至少70%的人口必須產(chǎn)生免疫力。

Top White House health advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci speculated last month that if Covid-19 behaved like other coronaviruses, there “l(fā)ikely isn’t going to be a long duration of immunity” from antibodies. Meanwhile, the WHO has stated that it remains unclear whether those who have already caught the virus once will be immune to getting it again.

白宮頂級衛(wèi)生顧問安東尼·福奇博士上月推測，如果新冠病毒和其他冠狀病毒的行為模式一樣，那么抗體帶來的“免疫力應該不會持續(xù)很長時間”。與此同時，世界衛(wèi)生組織指出，尚不清楚曾感染過新冠病毒的人是否能免于再度感染。