Lesson 15Secrecy in industry工業(yè)中的秘密

First listen and then answer the following question.
聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
參考譯文
有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密氣氛；二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人 員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門(mén)的同行們進(jìn)行有效的接觸。保密程度自然差別很大。某些大公司進(jìn)行的研究 屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，因此不保密對(duì)他們才有利。然而，依賴(lài)這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下進(jìn)行的，直到可以取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工 藝過(guò)程根本就不會(huì)取得專(zhuān)利權(quán)，而是作為秘方保存著。在這化學(xué)工業(yè)方面尤為突出。同物理和機(jī)械工業(yè)相比，化學(xué)工業(yè)中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)要多得多。有時(shí)，保密竟達(dá) 到了這樣的程度，即連研究工作的整個(gè)性質(zhì)都不準(zhǔn)提及。比如，很多公司向圖書(shū)館借閱科技書(shū)籍時(shí)感到困難，因?yàn)樗鼈儾辉缸屓思矣浵滤鼈児镜拿趾徒栝喌哪骋?本書(shū)。他們生怕別的公司的情報(bào)人員據(jù)此摸到他們可能要從事的某項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目。

New words and expressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)
secrecy
n. 秘密

effectiveness
n. 成效，效力

inquiry
n. 調(diào)查研究

positive
adj. 確實(shí)的

process
n. 過(guò)程

patent
n. 專(zhuān)利；
v. 得到專(zhuān)利權(quán)

agent
n. 情報(bào)人員

Notes on the text課文注釋
1 weigh against , 不利于...
2 in so far as ... 就...而言
3 which are of such general and fundamental nature, 其中 to be of 有“具有”的意思。
4 are sought for with complete secrecy, 極端秘密地探索。
5 such and such a book , 某一本書(shū)。

Lesson 15 課后練習(xí)和答案Exercises and Answer